Two rolled silver amulets discovered in Jerusalem. They contain the earliest surviving fragments of the Hebrew Bible (the Priestly Blessing in Numbers 6:24-26).

The earliest Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible, produced in Alexandria, Egypt. It became the primary Old Testament scriptures used by early Greek-speaking Jews and the early church.

Discovered in the Qumran caves, this vast collection of Hebrew and Aramaic manuscripts contains fragments of every Old Testament book except Esther, dating roughly from 250 BC to 68 AD.

A single Hebrew papyrus sheet containing the Ten Commandments and the Shema, which was the oldest known Hebrew manuscript fragment before the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls.

A carbonized, severely damaged Hebrew scroll found in the synagogue of En-Gedi. In 2015, virtual unwrapping via micro-CT scanner revealed it contains the opening verses of Leviticus, dating to the late 3rd or 4th century.

Two of the oldest surviving Christian Bibles. Written on parchment in Greek, they contain both the Septuagint (Old Testament) and the Greek New Testament.

Translated by Jerome, who translated the Old Testament directly from Hebrew and the New Testament from early Greek manuscripts. It became the standard Bible translation for Western Christianity for over a thousand years.

An immense collection of Jewish manuscript fragments found in the storeroom of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo, Egypt. It includes thousands of Bible scrolls and codices written in Hebrew and Aramaic.

The earliest and most authoritative near-complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible using the Masoretic Text. It was endorsed by Maimonides and forms the basis for modern critical Hebrew Bible editions.

The oldest complete manuscript of the Hebrew Bible in Hebrew. Written in Cairo using the Masoretic Text, it provides the standard base text for modern translations of the Old Testament.

Compiled under the influence of John Wycliffe, it represents the first complete translation of the Bible into Middle English. Being translated from the Latin Vulgate, it circulated widely in hand-copied manuscripts.

The first major book printed in Europe using movable metal type. Produced by Johannes Gutenberg in Mainz, Germany, it printed the Latin Vulgate and revolutionized the distribution of biblical texts.

The first published edition of the Greek New Testament, prepared by Desiderius Erasmus. It ignited Greek study in Europe and became the text-critical basis (Textus Receptus) for subsequent translations.

By William Tyndale. It contains the NT and parts of the OT. Translated directly from Hebrew and Greek.

The first complete translation of the Bible printed in the English language, prepared by Myles Coverdale. Lacking direct Hebrew and Greek translation access for the whole work, Coverdale drew heavily on Tyndale, Martin Luther, and the Zurich Bible.

Prepared by John Rogers (under the pseudonym Thomas Matthew), this English Bible combined Tyndale’s surviving translation work with Coverdale’s Old Testament portions and was licensed by King Henry VIII.

First authorized English Bible for use in the Church of England, drawing heavily from Tyndale and Coverdale.

English Bible produced by Protestant exiles in Geneva, noted for its study notes and wide influence.

An authorized English Bible produced by bishops of the Church of England as a standard liturgical version to counter the popular but marginal-note-heavy Geneva Bible. It served as the formal base text for the King James Version.

Authorized by King James I of England and produced by a team of scholars, it became one of the most influential English Bible translations.